• All submissions are screened using advanced similarity-check tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate).
• Comparisons cover the web, journals, conference papers, theses, and repository content through large aggregated databases.
• Checks may be repeated after revision and prior to final acceptance.

The similarity index is a screening indicator—not proof of plagiarism. Editors assess context and intent.

• Recommended threshold: total similarity ≤ 15% (references excluded). Individual matches should be short and properly cited.
• Typical exclusions: references, small-method phrases, standard equations, boilerplate instrument settings, and properly cited quotations.
• Red flags: long contiguous matches without quotation, unattributed paraphrase, duplicated figures/maps, and recycled “Results/Discussion” text.

• Direct plagiarism: copying text verbatim without quotation and citation.
• Paraphrasing plagiarism: close rewording of others’ ideas without proper citation.
• Self-plagiarism / text recycling: reuse of one’s own published text, data, or figures without citation or editorial permission.
• Mosaic plagiarism: patchwriting from multiple sources without attribution.
• Figure/data plagiarism: reuse of images, maps, tables, or datasets without permission or citation.

• Minor issue: small overlaps or citation lapses → request correction and resubmission with proper attribution.
• Major issue: extensive unattributed overlap, duplicated figures/data, or repeated patterns → rejection and ethics notification as appropriate.
• Repeat offenders: may face a temporary submission ban and notification to institutions/funders.

Investigations follow COPE flowcharts, ensuring due process and documentation.

• Submit only original work and cite all sources accurately (including your own prior publications).
• Perform a self-check before submission (institutional tools or reputable checkers); ensure quotations and paraphrases are properly marked and referenced.
• Disclose prior dissemination (e.g., preprints) and obtain permission for any reused third-party materials.
• For figures/maps: state data sources, licenses, acquisition dates, and processing steps; avoid reusing panels without attribution.

• Similarity results may be shared with authors to address issues before publication.
• JGS follows COPE guidelines for fair and transparent handling of suspected plagiarism.
• AI-generated text must be disclosed and verified by humans; see our AI Policy. Undisclosed AI-written passages may be treated as integrity violations.

Author Self-Check (Before Submission)

Useful Links

• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
• COPE Flowcharts — Handling Suspected Misconduct
• iThenticate (Crossref Similarity Check)
• Turnitin
• Publication Ethics (JGS)
• AI Policy (JGS)
• Author Guidelines (JGS)